You don’t have to act like a newspaper on the net

The New York Times on a tablet

In some ways the New York Times is the BBC of print journalism: dominant, revered, imperious, sometimes bathed in irritating self-congratulation. But it is also, inevitably, an obsessively observed leader in the hideously difficult business of moving from newsprint to digital screen. If the Times can make it, perhaps others can. If the Times fails, then newspaper companies everywhere can start to despair.

Which makes its latest health check (from an officially appointed team of its own journalists) seem very important. Three years ago, a first “innovation” team report plumped for digital integration and chose subscriptions – paywalls rather than advertising free-for-alls – as the chosen survival route. Now “Our Path Forward” marches ambitiously down that road.

“We now have __more than 1.5m digital-only subscriptions, up from 1m a year ago and from zero only six years ago. We also have __more than 1m print subscriptions, and our readers are receiving a product better than it has ever been …”

But such success isn’t enough, apparently. Transitions never go fast or far enough – unless of course they go too far, too fast. The danger down this trail is a relentlessly balanced tour of Cake-and-Eat-It territory. “We need to reduce the dominant role that the print newspaper still plays in our organisation and rhythms, while making the print paper even better.”

Brothers and sisters, that’s pure self-delusion. Print is a meal prepared to a set deadline, emerging from ovens at a magic moment. Digital is a constantly changing 24-hour buffet. Make print assemble its menu from that buffet and, inevitably, there’s a weakening of focus. Not fatal perhaps, but not offering something “even better”.

And, indeed, the most interesting chunks of Times future shock come at the interstices where standard print wisdom needs radical rethinking. “Our largely print-centric strategy, while highly successful, has kept us from building a sufficiently successful digital presence and attracting new audiences for our features content …

“The Times’s current features strategy dates to the creation of new sections in the 1970s. The driving force behind these sections, such as Living and Home, was a desire to attract advertising …

“Today, we need a new strategy … Our approach has kept us from building as large a digital presence as the Times brand and journalistic quality make possible, and kept us from making our print sections as imaginative, modern and relevant for readers as they could possibly be. To be blunt, we have not yet been as ambitious or innovative as our predecessors were in the 1970s.”

Preview of the Washington Post’s new news site, The Lily
A preview of the Washington Post’s new news site, The Lily. Photograph: Washington Post

All of which hovers on the brink of an essential point. Simply, in terms of range or ambition, the whole idea of a print newspaper (as honed four or five decades ago) may not be fit for purpose in an online world. Simply, the two concepts are different – one rooted in packages from the 70s, the other just one click away. Simply, editors may not be able to ride two horses together.

Look around at the digital news initiatives that are making the weather in 2017. The Washington Post (prime competitor to the Times) is launching the Lily – a quite separate site of Post news re-edited for female millennial consumption, intentionally young, not old. The founders of Politico have just launched Axios, a site that gives you the news at pace (and added depth as required). And, of course, there’s the massive Mail Online, which is nothing like the Mail on a newsstand. In short, you need an angle, a particular selling point: you don’t need the full legacy treatment.

A new report from the Reuters Institute on media upheavals in 2017 predicts more print papers will follow the Independent and go online only. But does the digital shade of the vanished print Indy demand that City writers follow business or football correspondents watch touchlines from Manchester to Southampton? Doesn’t the drought of print advertising mean that sports pages – geared to young men – have lost their former pull? Such pages anyway barely exist in much of Europe, where defined sports dailies do the basic job: why not the same pattern online henceforth?

In New York Times terms, it doesn’t matter if news sites, in the immediate future, don’t offer every ancestral reader service. On the contrary, from the Lily to Axios, the name of the game is choosing news with a style and an audience: concentration. That doesn’t mean that print New York Times, with its million subscribers, is dead and soon to be buried. Just the reverse. Separation plus concentration. The imperative is to reinvent digital subject areas and sites from scratch, not pretend that print’s structure and subject choices still rules OK.

Media advertising needs “new skills, talents, technologies and substantial fresh investment”, according to Mark Thompson, once BBC director general, now New York Times boss: a man to bring two worlds together. But as Thompson charts this future with its “unified approach” in his essay for Last Words, a comprehensive series of such examinations from Abramis published last week, does he ever think that equally different imperatives apply for the stuff that runs between the ads? The stuff we call news.

A sign of dismal times: BuzzFeed hires an ace reporter from the Wall Street Journal and announces his unique new brief: covering relations between the Trump administration and the press. Yes, yes, but what’s his job title going to be? Silence. Though you guess senior correspondent for incestuous affairs would do pretty well.

Shameful! Press backs Theresa May's pragmatic response to Donald Trump

President Donald Trump signing away <a href=

The Guardian’s editorial about Donald Trump’s latest illiberal act refers to the poem by Martin Niemöller about the way in which Germans in the 1930s turned a blind eye to Nazi outrages.

First they came for the socialists, and I did not speak out —

Because I was not a socialist.

Then they came for the trade unionists, and I did not speak out —

Because I was not a trade unionist.

Then they came for the Jews, and I did not speak out —

Because I was not a Jew.

Then they came for me — and there was no one left to speak for me.

In other words, pragmatism played into Hitler’s hands. As the Guardian notes, the reality of what Americans have done in electing Trump as their president “is only beginning to hit home.”

Day after day he is signing away human rights with executive orders. The latest is the ban on Syrian refugees and people from seven predominantly Muslim nations from entering the United States: “a cruel, stupid and bigoted act, designed to hurt and divide.”

The Guardian, with Theresa May’s embarrassing endorsement of Trump’s election in mind, argues that nations proclaiming themselves to be Trump’s ally risk being implicated as supporters of his policies.

It asks: “Will anti-Trump Republicans stand up for law, justice and order, or will they bow the knee? Will Democrats mount an effective opposition?”

But its main question is aimed at May and her government, scorning her pragmatism: “She has been played for a sucker... She is deceiving herself if she thinks she can control Mr Trump... A line has been crossed in Washington.

“The public gets it. Sir Mo [Farah] gets it. The prime minister needs to get it too... Britain must not be, or be seen as, a lackey of possibly the worst leader the US has ever elected.”

I may be only one day away from this blog’s demise, but I’m mighty proud of working for the Guardian when I read those words. But what of the rest of the UK national press reaction to Trump’s immigration ban?

Here’s the pragmatic Daily Telegraph:

“First, Mr Trump is doing something that he promised voters he would do. Before his election, he was entirely open about restricting the entry of Muslims...

Second, and __more fundamentally, all nations have a right to control their borders.”

While conceding that the ban is unlikely to make America safer and the human cost of the ban “is unacceptably high”, the Telegraph applauds May’s response as “the right one.”

It concludes: “Mr Trump’s solution to the problems of immigration and extremism is controversial, but that does not mean those problems do not exist.”

And here’s the pragmatic Daily Mail:

The ban “was a crude stroke by Mr Trump... But brutal as it may be, it should not have come as a surprise.”

So how should May, and Britain, react? To bar Trump from Britain “would be an absurd over-reaction and hugely damaging to British interests.

“Yes, Mrs May must defend the interests of British citizens and she’s right to disagree with the severity of these measures. But isn’t it better to express these criticisms as a friend rather than an enemy?”

And here’s the pragmatic Sun:

“Angry keyboard warriors demand the prime minister lectures foreign countries over their democratically elected leaders...

Noisy virtue-signallers might prefer that Theresa May had condemned Trump’s ban at the first opportunity, but would it have helped our interests in the long run?...

Britain can best serve people of all faiths and nationalities by exerting its influence on the White House to promote greater understanding and acceptance.

It won’t win Mrs May many friends on social media, but it would be the actions of a true world power.”

And here’s the pragmatic Daily Express:

It opposes any suggestion that Trump’s state visit might be cancelled: “There may be issues on which our government will disagree with the new American administration.

“But to cut ourselves off from Washington would be absurd and completely unproductive. The effectiveness of continuing dialogue was shown by Mrs May herself at the weekend.

“Even those who dislike both the new president and the Tory government had to acknowledge that she handled the occasion with aplomb.”

With aplomb? Her cautious neutral statement in Turkey when questioned about Trump’s ban view was shameful.

Note also the adjacent article in the Express arguing that Trump has acted sensibly in imposing the ban.

The Times, I am sad to report, was also lured into a pragmatist response. It believed the ban would harm genuine refugees and exclude “well-meaning students and employees of American corporations.”

There was also an implied criticism of the prime minister for not being “quick to castigate the president in public.” But it excused her being “rightly solicitous of the good impression she made with the Mr Trump on her recent visit” because “she is keen to establish good trading relations.”

The Times said May “may also have concluded she can have more impact in private rather than by broadcasting her views through CNN and the BBC. She has... observed that there are more effective means of influencing him [Trump] than jumping on bandwagons.” Really? Where is the proof of that?

As for the call for Trump’s proposed state visit to be cancelled, the paper does not wish Britain “to antagonise Mr Trump with mass protests and snubs from politicians.”

Clearly, “British interests”, most obviously over trade because of Brexit, are the overriding concern for the pragmatists.

The Daily Mirror, at least, was having none of it: “The prime minister should inform the maverick US president that he is not welcome on a state visit, so no banquet with the Queen until he drops the grotesque bigotry.

“This crisis is a severe test of May’s pledge to be a ‘candid friend’ after the PM shamefully dodged, three times, criticising a policy that is light on evidence but heavy on prejudice.” Precisely. Principle counts more than pragmatism.

Newspaper front pages react to US travel chaos – in pictures Newspaper front pages react to US travel chaos – in pictures

Fake news needs real press self-regulation

Newspapers on a news stand

You report (‘Facebook has a duty to tackle fake news’: Damian Collins interview, 30 January) that MPs are planning to investigate what can be done about fake news. It will be interesting to see whether they are ready to pursue all originators of fake news, who notoriously include many of our national newspapers. Any definition of fake news that is based on the deliberate propagation of false information in social media will inevitably include the press. Any definition based on the pursuit of profit must also include national newspapers. On the other hand, a definition that contrives to exclude national newspapers from scrutiny will obviously be an evasion. 

The same report informs us that Mr Collins, as chair of the media select committee, favours scrapping section 40, which is designed to support effective press self-regulation that is totally independent of government. This would uphold standards of accuracy in journalism in a way that current “regulation” does not. If Mr Collins is really worried about fake news he should think again.
Brian Cathcart
Kingston University London  

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The Guardian Sarah Sands named editor of BBC Radio 4's Today programme Sarah Sands named editor of BBC Radio 4's Today programme The Evening Standard’s Sarah Sands: ‘I’m a journalist with a liking for drama’

Sarah Sands

Sarah Sands, the editor of the London Evening Standard, is to join the BBC as editor of Today, Radio 4’s flagship news and current affairs programme, and become the second woman to fill the role.

Sands, 55, who has edited the newspaper for nearly five years, will replace Jamie Angus, who was recently appointed deputy director of the BBC World Service.

Sands will be the second woman to edit the agenda-setting programme after Dame Jenny Abramsky, the chair of the Royal Academy of Music. She is understood to have beaten four women on an all-female shortlist.

During her time as Evening Standard editor, the free paper backed the Conservatives at the 2015 election and supported Zac Goldsmith as the Tory candidate for mayor. Sands was briefly editor of the Sunday Telegraph a decade ago.

Rod Liddle, who edited Today between 1998 and 2002, and is a columnist for the Sun and the Sunday Times, and an associate editor of the Spectator, said she was a “terrific choice” for the Today role, especially after the vote to leave the EU.

“The outside viewpoint is crucial, especially at a time when politics has moved in a direction that the BBC has neither anticipated nor welcomed,” he said.

“Sarah’s right-ish and comes with a strong journalistic background in print, which is where the best journalism is.”

He said he expected Sands to “freshen up” the Today lineup.

Another former senior manager on the programme said one of Sands’ challenges was likely to be finding a successor to John Humphrys, who has been a Today presenter since 1987 and celebrated his 73rd birthday last year.

However, the former senior manager said she would not come into the programme “with an agenda” and would “bend over backwards to be as impartial as she possibly can”.

The move was announced on Monday by Evgeny Lebedev, the owner of the Evening Standard, before the BBC had made an official announcement.

“The Evening Standard has been a huge success under Sarah’s editorship, and she has been a vital part of the team since this company acquired the Evening Standard in 2009. Sarah will leave with our very best wishes for her new role,” he said.

She follows Amol Rajan to the BBC, who joined last November as media editor, leaving behind his job as editor of the Lebedev-owned Independent.

Sands, whose previous roles include positions at the Daily Mail and Daily Telegraph, said: “I am grateful to Evgeny for his support of this newspaper and guarding it against all the headwinds of the industry. It has been an absolute pleasure to work for him and to be part of a first-rate professional team.”

She will leave the Evening Standard this year, remaining in post as editor until then.

In a statement released by the BBC an hour after the Evening Standard revealed the appointment, Sands said: “I’ve felt very close to the Today programme for __more than 40 years: every listener does. It is an honour to join the team whose journalism makes such a contribution to British life.”

James Harding, the director of BBC news and current affairs, said in an email to staff: “Sarah is a hugely experienced and highly respected journalist. She will bring her familiar verve and her broad range of interests to the programme, and will build on Today’s absolute commitment to critical and analytical journalism.”

Gwyneth Williams, the controller of Radio 4, said: “I want to welcome Sarah to Radio 4. She brings long experience of leadership in journalism and will add a fresh, creative approach to the biggest-hitting news programme of them all. I look forward to working with her.”

Sands, who started her career in journalism at the Sevenoaks Chronicle as a trainee reporter, joins the broadcaster at a time when print and digital media are under financial pressure. Print and digital advertising revenues are in decline as businesses flock to social media giants and tech companies to place ads.

The BBC would not comment on how much Sands would be paid; however, her predecessor does not appear on the BBC’s list of managers earning __more than £150,000 a year.

Journalists, editors and media commentators tweeted messages of congratulations, including Lionel Barber, editor of the Financial Times.

Lionel Barber (@lionelbarber)

Congratulations @sandsstandard on appointment as editor of Today programme #hotseat https://t.co/50eYiygEWF

January 30, 2017
Rachel Johnson (@RachelSJohnson)

The brilliant mischievous pocket dynamo @sandsstandard strikes again! BRAVA SARAH!! https://t.co/oacXLeMxie

January 30, 2017
Tim Montgomerie ن (@montie)

Congrats @SandsStandard. With @amolrajanBBC, @iankatz1000, James Harding... the Beeb is taking all of the editors! https://t.co/2esoadhJSA

January 30, 2017

Sands’ previously close relationship with some Conservatives, in particular her former Telegraph colleague Boris Johnson, the foreign secretary, who was London mayor during her tenure at the Evening Standard, is understood to have raised eyebrows externally and within the BBC following news of her appointment.

On Twitter, the Mirror’s Kevin Maguire highlighted the Evening Standard’s political record under her editorship.

Kevin Maguire (@Kevin_Maguire)

That'll be a top BBC job for an editor who backed the Cons at the election(in Labour London) and Goldsmith against Khan(Ditto). Hmmm... https://t.co/vRqFupLlSo

January 30, 2017

However, it is understood that Labour is unlikely to raise any concerns over her stewardship of Today.

Her departure leaves open the editorship of the Evening Standard, which has a circulation of about 850,000 and since going free has become profitable, making £1.4m in 2014. In its statement announcing the move, the paper said a new editor would be appointed “in due course”.

A brief history of Today

The Today programme was first broadcast on 28 October 1957 as a topical programme going out as two 20-minute editions. It came out of broadcaster Sir Robin Day’s idea for a daily morning programme, which was rejected by senior BBC managers who did not think there would be sufficient demand.

The programme becomes more news orientated in the late 1970s and took on its recognisable format in the 1980s. Its highest weekly audience of 7.35 million listeners was recorded as Britain voted to leave the European Union last year. John Humphrys is the programme’s longest-standing presenter, having joined in 1987.

  • This article was corrected on 31 January 2017. An earlier version said Dame Jenny Abramsky was chair of the National Heritage Memorial Fund; she left that role in 2014.

Alexander Chancellor obituary Could we stop being so outraged when somebody says something stupid? | Alexander Chancellor Alexander Chancellor, former Spectator and Guardian journalist, dies aged 77 What goes on in the mind of internet obsessives? | Alexander Chancellor

Alexander Chancellor

Alexander Chancellor, who has died aged 77, was a journalist of grace and distinction whose work as a writer and editor enhanced several British magazines, including the Oldie, which he was editing when he took ill last week. Perhaps his greatest success came with his reinvention in the mid-1970s of the Spectator, a fading weekly to which he gave a lively shape and tone that has survived the half-dozen editors who succeeded him.

There and elsewhere, including the Guardian, he wrote numerous columns and diaries that were delightfully expressed and read effortlessly, though their composition was often hard-won and tight against the deadline. Tina Brown, when she was hiring him to write the Talk of the Town column at the New Yorker, said he had “perfect pitch” as a writer, which was true, though his time at her magazine turned out to be a rare failure and Chancellor would laugh – an inimitable sound, keexxsh, keexxsh, like some big bird calling from the reeds – whenever the perfect-pitch remark came up.

Self-deprecation was Chancellor’s default mode; as he left the Oldie office for what turned out to be the last time, he apologised to his colleagues for being ill – or “so boring” as he put it. He wore his background lightly. The Chancellors were a grand Scottish family who could claim connection with an estate, Shieldhill, near Biggar in Lanarkshire, that went back several centuries. (Today the house is a country hotel featuring a “Chancellor” honeymoon suite that, as Alexander never ceased marvelling, had been slept in by Nelson Mandela.)

Alexander’s grandfather, Sir John Chancellor, rebased the family in the south when he left Scotland for a career in the army and the colonial service, where he rose to become governor of Southern Rhodesia and, in 1928, the high commissioner for the British mandate of Palestine and Transjordan. A family friend gave his eldest son, Christopher (later Sir Christopher), a job with the Reuters news agency, where his energy and cool-headedness quickly marked him out for promotion, first as general manager of the agency’s east Asia operations in Shanghai and eventually as chairman of Reuters worldwide. He married Sylvia, the daughter of the physicist and barrister Sir Richard Paget, in 1926. Alexander, the youngest of their four children, was born in the family’s country house at Dane End in Hertfordshire and then moved to the family’s London flat near St Paul’s, where he somehow survived the blitz.

Alexander Chancellor
Alexander Chancellor. Photograph: David Sillitoe for the Guardian

He went to Eton, as his father had done, and read languages at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he scraped a degree. Undoubtedly, his birth and upbringing gave him a web of helpful connections, and not just of the old English kind – thanks to his father’s newspaper friendships, a young Oxford student called Rupert Murdoch was sometimes a house guest. But for a time Alexander thought he might strike out and find a career in music – he was Eton’s star pianist – until his father was advised that, though his son was good player, he would never make the top rank.

He worked for a time for a part-work encyclopedia, Knowledge, edited by his elder brother, John, until parental influence found him a job at Reuters. In 1964 and newly married to Susanna Debenham (they were distant relations – his mother’s sister had married her father’s uncle), he moved to Paris as a trainee reporter and then, after a spell back at the London office, became bureau chief for Reuters in Rome, where a love of Italy began that lasted all his life.

In 1974 he left Reuters for an unhappy spell at ITN, mercifully cut short in 1975 by a proposal from the Spectator’s new owner, Henry Keswick, that he edit the magazine. Keswick was a taipan, a leading member of the Jardine Matheson dynasty, which made its fortune in east Asia, and a friend since childhood. Chancellor used to say that Keswick offered him the job because he was the only journalist Keswick knew. Whatever the case, it proved to be an inspired appointment. Chancellor had no track record whatsoever as an editor, but he was endlessly curious, quietly mischievous, and a good judge of copy: nepotism, it turned out, had delivered the goods.

During his nine-year editorship, the Spectator was transformed from a bilious and parochial Tory weekly into an entertaining magazine, maverick in its sympathies, that people across the political spectrum (or outside it altogether) could read with pleasure. Chancellor installed Auberon Waugh as the magazine’s social commentator, Ferdinand Mount as its political writer and Richard Ingrams as the television critic; and commissioned the troubled Jeffrey Bernard and the smug “Taki” Theodoracopulos to write autobiographical columns under the rubrics Low Life and High Life that contrasted bad and good fortune.

The Spectator style was informal, personal and direct. Occasionally the tone became tiresome when attention-seeking writers taunted liberal opinion with their “no nonsense” views on race and class, but overall Chancellor managed the magazine as a broad church. He gave opportunities to writers of many different backgrounds and beliefs and invited all kinds of people to the weekly office lunches, where Jennifer Paterson, later to be one of the Two Fat Ladies, did the cooking and alarmed the guests.

The circulation doubled, but only to about 20,000. Keswick sold the magazine to the entrepreneur Algy Cluff in 1981 and Chancellor did not last long under his ownership. Many jobs followed. He went to Time and Tide as editor, to the Sunday Telegraph as Peregrine Worsthorne’s deputy editor, and to Washington for two years from 1986 as US editor of the newly founded Independent. In 1988, he launched the Independent’s Saturday magazine and over the next four years established it as the most distinctive of Britain’s newspaper supplements, with a devotion to black and white photography and an unflashy presentation that earned many admirers.

His short spell at the New Yorker followed, after which he returned to the Telegraph to set up its new Sunday magazine, which turned out to be __more elegant than its potential readers wanted or possibly deserved. In 1999, he published an engaging account of his transatlantic experiences, Some Times in America, and between 1996 and 2012 contributed a weekly column to the Guardian, having befriended its then editor, Alan Rusbridger, when both were based in Washington and played piano duets together.

He returned to editing in 2014 – a surprise last act – when James Pembroke, the Oldie’s publisher, hired him to replace Richard Ingrams, with whom, years before, Chancellor had “cooked up” the idea, to use his words, of a “truly independent, free-thinking, no-bullshit magazine” that would stand out in a media obsessed with youth and celebrity.

What made him a good editor? Partly a knack for finding good writers and recognising interesting ideas; partly his textual skill – contrary to the dilettante image, fostered by three-bottle lunches and 60 Rothmans a day, he could often be found late at night changing captions and rewriting headlines, but mainly he was good because he won loyalty from his staff and contributors. “He was a completely wonderful editor,” said his literary editor at the Spectator, Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “even if we couldn’t always understand why he was. We loved him.”

Chancellor lived latterly in a house in Northamptonshire given to him by his father’s younger brother, Robin, who stayed on in one of two Inigo Jones pavilions that had flanked the original, long-vanished villa. Later, Alexander’s brother John moved in to the stable block across the yard. It was a warm and welcoming household. Alexander was a fine and imperturbable cook who got on well with children and played songs from Broadway musicals on the piano. He had a memorable wit. “One of the good things about your stuff,” he told me, after reading another evocation of the West Fife coalfield in 1955, “is that there’s never any danger that you’ll come across the Mitfords.”

He is survived by Susanna and the two daughters of their marriage, Eliza and Cecilia; by a third daughter, Freya, whose mother is the journalist and children’s author Emily Bearn; and by four grandchildren. He is also survived by two sisters, Susanna and Teresa; his brother predeceased him.

Alexander Surtees Chancellor, writer and editor, born 4 January 1940; died 28 January 2017

Alexander Chancellor, former Spectator and Guardian journalist, dies aged 77 Alexander Chancellor to edit The Oldie after walkout by Richard Ingrams

Alexander Chancellor

Alexander Chancellor, the former Spectator editor, has died at the age of 77.

Chancellor, who was editor of the magazine between 1975 and 1984, died suddenly at his home in Northamptonshire. He had suffered a stroke the previous year.

Educated at Eton College and Trinity Hall, Cambridge, he started his journalistic career with Reuters before a friend bought the Spectator and offered him the editorship.

Chancellor grasped the opportunity, bringing in writers such as Auberon Waugh and Ferdinand Mount, as well as the cartoonist Nick Garland, to create a magazine that blended wit with acute political analysis.

In later years he spent a short period at the New Yorker magazine, editing its Talk of the Town column, and then became a regular columnist for the Guardian Weekend supplement.

In 2012 Chancellor returned to the Spectator as a columnist before taking over the editorship of The Oldie after Richard Ingrams resigned in 2014.

In his final Spectator Long Life column, Chancellor wrote that Donald Trump was “unworthy” to be president and that his “days were numbered”.

Greece's best-selling daily newspaper to close due to debts 'Patients who should live are dying': Greece's public health meltdown

a newspaper kiosk in athens

Two historic Greek newspapers, including the country’s best-selling daily, will cease publication, the debt-ridden Lambrakis Press Group announced on Saturday.

“To Vima weekly and Ta Nea daily are forced to cease their publication within days due to financial reasons,” the company said in a statement.

Lambrakis Press Group (DOL) “is lacking any available resources and as a result it can’t support the printing of its newspapers and, of course, can’t ensure the unhampered operation of the other media outlets it owns,” it added.

Besides the two newspapers DOL owns numerous magazines, news sites and the Vima FM radio.

DOL failed to pay its €99m (£84m) debt obligations in December, Antonis Karakoussis, director of the Vima newspaper and Vima FM radio said on Wednesday.

He added that this situation was the result of the economic crisis Greece has faced since 2010 which has already led to the closure of many media outlets.

In Saturday’s statement DOL accused the creditor banks of putting the press group in a special management regime without providing for the continuation of its publications.

DOL says the creditor banks are withholding all its earnings “whether these come from newspaper sales or from advertisements”.

Lambrakis Press Group, one of the shareholders of the Mega Channel TV station that is also heavily indebted, has also faced legal turmoil over the past months, with its president, Stavros Psycharis, being prosecuted for tax evasion and money laundering.

With its particularly critical stance against Greece’s leftist prime minister Alexis Tsipras, DOL has been, along with other Greek media moguls, the target of the government’s effort to “reestablish transparency” in what it calls a sector “of oligarchs”.

DOL’s statement added that “the employees, those that have served and are serving the values of free journalism, keep and will keep fighting for the rescue of the Press group, of the historic newspapers and its other publications”.

Female painter of the Flemish Baroque back in vogue—four centuries on

Female painter of the Flemish Baroque back in vogue—four centuries onThe first ever exhibition for a long-forgotten 17th-century female artist is to be held at the Rubens House in Antwerp in 2018. Michaelina Wautier is probably the first woman who successfully painted works in nearly all the genres—portraits, history pictures, still-lifes and scenes of everyday life. At that time most successful Flemish female artists specialised in flower compositions.
 
Wautier (or Woutiers) was born in Mons in about 1617 and worked in Brussels, where she died in 1689. She seems to have had an elder brother, Charles, who was also a painter.
 
Michaelina Wautier, Self-portrait (1649)
Michaelina Wautier, Self-portrait (1649)
Her finest work is The Triumph of Bacchus, painted around 1650 and now in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. A comparison with a self-portrait (1649, private collection) suggests that she depicted herself as the half bare-breasted bacchante in the mythological scene. Around 30 of her paintings are known, some of which were commissioned by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, who was the governor of the Spanish Netherlands from 1647 to 1656.
 
The recent change in Wautier’s fortunes can be gauged from a sale at a Koller auction in Zurich on 22 March 2016. Her 1654 portrait of Martino Martini, a Jesuit missionary, was sold for CHF400,000 (£318,000) with an estimate of CHF7,000-CHF10,000.
 
A catalogue raisonné on Wautier is being prepared by Katlijne Van der Stighelen of the University of Leuven. Stighelen will curate the 2018 Rubens House exhibition.

Poland's Second World War museum under threat after court allows controversial merger

PolandThe Museum of the Second World War in Poland—set to become one of the world’s largest historical museums—faces an uncertain future after the Supreme Administrative Court in Warsaw gave the green light to a controversial merger with another museum. The ruling paves the way for the creation of a new government-sanctioned institution.

The €100m museum in Gdansk, which is scheduled to open to the public at the end of February, has become a political pawn in an ongoing battle over national memory, with the ruling Law and Justice party (PiS) keen to control how the years under Nazi German occupation are portrayed.

The museum has been subject to growing criticism from the nationalistic PiS party, which came to power in 2015. It has accused the director, Pawel Machcewicz, of failing to put enough emphasis on Polish wartime experience and of inflating the project’s original budget by PLN100m ($25m).

Many see the row as part of a wider battle about Poland’s past—and future. “What is at stake here is bigger than the content of the Second World War museum’s permanent exhibition,” Machcewicz says. “The question is whether the government can destroy the autonomy of history, the autonomy of museums.”

Initiated in 2008 by the previous prime minister, Donald Tusk, the 6,000 sq. m museum is arranged in three chronological blocks (Road to War, Horrors of War and War’s Long Shadow), setting the fate of Polish and Eastern European people in a global context. It houses 40,000 objects ranging from family heirlooms to military equipment.

“Fake museum”

The project hit a roadblock in autumn 2015 when the new PiS-appointed minister of culture, Piotr Glinski, ordered the creation of another war museum in Gdansk. This one was to focus on the battle of Westerplatte, which marked the beginning of the Second World War.

Months later, Glinski called for the two war museums to merge—a development that would grant the government the right to sack the director and alter the displays. “I am convinced that from the start [the Westerplatte museum] was a fake museum, created only to merge with ours,” Machcewicz says. At the time, the Westerplatte museum had no registered address or employees.

Machcewicz filed a complaint against the merger with the Regional Administrative Court in Warsaw in September. He argued that Poland’s Museums Council had not sanctioned the move and that it would harm the museum. The Polish Ombudsman’s office also filed a complaint. In November, the court suspended the merger for further deliberations. But the culture minister appealed to the Supreme Administrative Court, which overruled the suspension on 24 January. The merger is now likely to proceed, resulting in the formation of a new institution on 1 February.

Scrambling to open

The museum rushed to present the permanent exhibition before the ruling, opening to journalists and scholars on 23 January. Machcewicz says that any changes to the permanent exhibition would now come with “substantial financial costs” and provoke an “open scandal”. He is also ready to “defend the copyright and integrity of the show”.

The ministry of culture, meanwhile, has released statements denying that the merger is “synonymous” with the dissolution of the Second World War Museum or that it would “limit the scope of the permanent exhibition”. The ministry said that it moved the date of the merger from December to February “to allow the construction and installation to conclude”.

At the soft opening last month, the prominent historian Timothy Snyder, a member of the museum’s advisory board, called the institution—as envisioned by Machcewicz and his team—an “historic achievement”.  

Unlocking stories of the Second World War: director’s pick of the museum’s collection

Keys to Jewish homes in Jedwabne 

Keys to Jewish homes in Jedwabne (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
Keys to Jewish homes in Jedwabne (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
“These are keys found on the skeletons of Jews murdered in the German-occupied, Polish town of Jedwabne,” says the museum’s director Pawel Machcewicz. Around 340 Polish Jews were killed in the town after being locked in a barn and set on fire in 1941. “The keys, discovered during exhumations in 2001, show that the victims didn’t realise they were going to their deaths but had locked their homes, planning to return.”

Boleslaw Wnuk’s handkerchief

Boleslaw Wnuk’s handkerchief with his last good-bye (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
Boleslaw Wnuk’s handkerchief with his last good-bye (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
“This handkerchief belonged to a Polish activist who was arrested by the Germans in 1940,” Machcewicz says. “He was warned by a Polish prison guard that he would be executed the next morning. He only had his handkerchief on him and wrote this farewell letter to his wife and family. What makes this story even __more poignant is that his grandson is the head of our research department. He is one of the creators of our museum.”

Child’s shoe

Child’s shoe found badly damaged in the rubble of Warsaw (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
Child’s shoe found badly damaged in the rubble of Warsaw (Image: © Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk)
“This badly damaged child’s shoe was found in the rubble of Warsaw in 1944. The child most probably perished or was murdered during the uprising in the Old Town,” Machcewicz says. The Warsaw Uprising in 1944 was a 63-day struggle by the Polish underground army to liberate the capital from Nazi German occupation. It ended in a crushing defeat while the Red Army was stopped on the other side of the Vistula River. J.Mi.

Inside the Museum of the Second World War

  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)
  • Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (Image: © Roman Jocher)

Old Masters collectors chase new discoveries at New York sales

Old Masters collectors chase new discoveries at New York salesAs a packed week for Old Masters lovers in New York drew to a close, auctions and pop-up shows alike demonstrated that the market moves quickly for acknowledged masters and A-plus examples from lesser names—but is increasingly bifurcated between the very finest, and all the rest.
 
In its 24 January sale of Old Master Drawings, Christie’s notched a total of $6.2m including buyer’s premium on 127 lots, a vast improvement from the $3.2m it made on 131 lots a year ago. The auction house recently snagged the former Metropolitan Museum of Art curator Stijn Alsteens to serve as the international head of its Old Master Drawings in Paris, and his former Met colleague and Italian school expert, Furio Rinaldi, is now overseeing the department in New York as an associate specialist. It is perhaps no surprise, then, that Venetian artists, including Guardi, Tiepolo, and Piazzetta made up half of the top ten prices at this week’s sales. Christie’s also held its first sale of Old Master Prints in New York in 15 years on 25 January, adding $4.6m with premiums to the week’s total.
 
A Peter Paul Rubens take on a Renaissance-era work by Giulio Romano, Scipio Africanus welcomed outside the gates of Rome, in black chalk, pen and ink with additional colour heightening, doubled its estimate ($500,000-$700,000) with a final price of $1.56m with fees, while a Goya landscape with a hunter and his dog (est $600,000-$800,000) fetched $1.1m with fees. More surprising was the performance of a small watercolour by Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones, The Nativity, which carried a top-end estimate of $25,000 but was chased to $343,500 with fees. Of its solidly modelled figures, Alsteens says: “It reads like a bronze relief. When we saw it my colleagues and I immediately thought of Henry Moore”—which may account for its broad saleroom  appeal.
 
One-of-a-kind works on paper are the focus of Master Drawings (through 28 January), a coordinated exposition in the galleries of 24 Upper East Side dealers, including specialists from London, Florence, Paris, and Vienna. Examples stretched back as far as the 14th century and into the late 20th, indicative of the expanding definition of “master” works. Along with pieces by Bassano (shown by Christopher Bishop), Vasari (by Didier Aaron), Il Guercino (by Day & Faber), and Delacroix (by Stephen Ongpin), there was also __more recent fare by Reginald Marsh, Jean Cocteau, and David Hockney. Freshness was key: David Tunick of New York opened his vault to reveal a cache of Vienna Secession drawings not been seen on the market in 37 years, including a portrait of a woman sketched in blue pencil by Gustav Klimt, which sold to a new client.

  • Sir Peter Paul Rubens, Study Of A Horse With A Rider, sold for $5.1m with buyer's fees at Sotheby’s New York Master Paintings & Sculpture Evening Sale, 25 January 2017
  • Adam de Coster's A Young Woman Holding a Distaff Before A Lit Candle made a record for the artist when it sold for $4.9m at Sotheby’s New York Master Paintings & Sculpture Evening Sale, 25 January 2017
  • Didier Aaron is showing Charles-Louis Clerisseau's gouache Architectural Fantasy with a Variant of the Borghese Vase, at Master Drawings Week
  • Enluminures is showing Adoration of the Magi (1465-1470) drawing on paper by a follower of Hans Pleydenwurff) at Master Drawings Week
  • Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones's The Nativity sold for $343,500 at Christie's Old Master Drawings sale in New York, 24 January 2017
  • Peter Paul Rubens, Scipio Africanus welcomed outside the gates of Rome, after Giulio Romano sold for $1.6m at Christie's Old Master Drawings sale in New York, 24 January 2017
The demand for discoveries was seen in the evening sale of Old Master paintings at Sotheby’s (Christie’s in 2015 decided to shift its sale of Master paintings to April).
 
Following a $4.5m drawings sale, led by a Switzerland lake-scape by J.M.W. Turner (which netted $756,000 with fees), on 25 January, Sotheby’s presented a 55-lot evening sale of paintings (and one sculpture) with an emphasis on the Spanish and Italian schools that totted up $27.2m with premium. While there was a sprinkling of strong prices, the sell-through rate was only a bit better than half, with 34 lots finding takers. At the top was a newly attributed Rubens, Study of a horse with a rider (est $1m-$1.5m), dating from the 1610s. The sketchy oil on canvas, evidence of Rubens’s famously quick hand that was formerly obscured by overpaint, was most likely produced as a copying aid for his studio as commissions cranked up. The catalogue proposes that “the aesthetic of the unfinished has historically been far less appreciated than it is today”; its buyer appreciated its aesthetic so much that she or he drove the price up to $4.3m hammer ($5.1m with fees).
 
Two artist records were set for lesser-known names. An arresting Caravaggesque portrait by Adam de Coster, A young woman holding a distaff before a lit candle (est $1.5m-$2m), made $4.1m ($4.85m with fees), and Willem Drost’s Allegory of Flora, circa 1650s (est $400,000-600,000), was chased by six bidders to $3.9m ($4.6m with fees). But a slew of high-valued pictures that were bought in dragged down the potential total, including a rare-to-market painting by Francisco de Zurbarán and a still-life attributed to Velásquez. “We didn’t move everything I would have liked to”, says Christopher Apostle, Sotheby’s head of the Old Master Paintings department. “Buyers are showing a real selectivity”. But, he adds, “As long as [a picture] is very, very good, the name becomes less important”.
 
Or does it? During the week, dealers, specialists, and curators all underscored the importance of the buzz generated by a new discovery or reattribution. With Sotheby’s recent acquisition of forensic analysis firm Orion Analytical, the pace of these discoveries—or downgrades in attribution—in the Old Master category could change dramatically.

Dr Oetker returns Van Dyck portrait looted by Göring

Dr Oetker returns Van Dyck portrait looted by Göring
Anthony van Dyck's Portrait of Adriaen Moens
Dr Oetker, a family-owned German manufacturer of muesli, pizza and cake mixes, says it will return a portrait by Anthony van Dyck acquired by Hermann Göring to the heir of Jacques Goudstikker, a Jewish art dealer forced to flee the Netherlands when the Nazis invaded.

The Portrait of Adriaen Hendriksz Moens was among the works in Goudstikker’s gallery inventory when the family fled in 1940. It was forcibly sold and acquired by Göring, the founder of the Gestapo and the commander of the Luftwaffe.

After the war it was returned to the Dutch government, which sold it to a London-based Old Masters dealer. It was purchased in London in 1956 by Rudolf August Oetker, the owner and chief executive of Dr Oetker, who died in 2007.

Dr Oetker announced last year that it had hired a provenance researcher to investigate the company art collection, which encompasses silver and gold antiques, porcelain and several hundred paintings. The research work began in early 2015 and is expected to continue until the end of 2017 at the earliest.

“It is heartening to see private collections like the Oetker collection do the right thing for victims of the Nazis and their families,” says Marei von Saher, the widow of Goudstikker’s son and the dealer’s sole heir. “I hope that the restitution of this artwork will lead other private collections to act just as responsibly.”

The painting is the second that Dr Oetker has returned this year. The first, Springtime in the Mountains by Hans Thoma, had disappeared in a forced sale in Frankfurt in 1938. In addition to the two works already returned, the company has identified two __more candidates for restitution.  

British artist John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi Prize

British artist John Akomfrah wins £40,000 Artes Mundi PrizeSince it was founded in Wales in 2002, the biennial Artes Mundi Prize has produced winners that live up to its title: “arts of the world”. Xu Bing, the first winner, hails from China, Eija-Liisa Ahtila, the second, from Finland, N.S. Harsha from India, Yael Bartana from Israel, Teresa Margolles from Mexico, while last edition’s recipient was the Chicago-based artist Theaster Gates. For the first time in its history, this year’s winner is the British artist John Akomfrah, though the themes of his work—which include migration, colonialisation and the environment—could hardly be __more international.

Akomfrah was announced as the winner of the £40,000 prize at a celebration Thursday evening at the National Museum Cardiff, the host of the Artes Mundi exhibition, alongside another Cardiff-based arts institution, Chapter (until 26 February). He is showing a powerful, 40-minute, two-screen video, Auto Da Fé (2016), which muses on the theme of mass migration over a 400-year period. “I wanted to focus on the fact that many people have to leave because something terrible is happening, it’s not just about leaving for a better life, many people feel they have to leave to have a life at all,” Akomfrah says.

Auto Da Fé was filmed on the island of Barbados, but refers obliquely to eight migrations, from the expulsion of the Sephardic Jews of Brazil in the 17th century, to the ongoing Syrian refugee crisis. The seductive visual nature of the film was “very important”, Akomfrah says. “The look is critical, I thought a lot about the way that film would be migrated into the gallery setting, and its formal qualities.” The work is divided into “chapters” which can be watched individually, or as part of the overall narrative.

Born in Accra, Ghana in 1957, Akfomfrah was a founder of the UK’s Black Audio Film Collective in 1982, and has gone on to have a distinguished documentary and art film career, becoming an artist trustee of the Tate in 2015. The other shortlisted artists include Neil Beloufa, Amy Franceschini/Futurefarmers, Lamia Joreige, Nástio Mosquito and Bedwyr Williams.



Dalí’s controversial portrait of sister comes to market for first time

Dalí’s controversial portrait of sister comes to market for first time
Salvador Dalí’s Figura de perfil (La Hermana Ana María) (1925)  
A controversial portrait by Salvador Dalí of his sister Ana María, given to her before the pair’s relationship deteriorated over details published in his autobiography, is on the market for the first time with a price tag of £800,000 to £1.2m.

Figura de perfil (La Hermana Ana María) (1925) depicts Ana María sat looking through a window at the Cadaqués coastline in north-eastern Spain. As with many of Dalí’s paintings of his sister, Ana María’s bottom is accentuated—a feature he stressed even __more in a later version of the canvas, Young Virgin Auto-Sodomized by her Own Chastity (1954).

The second painting, which the artist created after he and his sister fell out over his written account of Dalí family life, was inspired by a photograph from a 1930s pornographic magazine. Its provocative nature fuelled rumours of the Surrealist painter’s sexual interest in Ana María.

Although he painted “countless portraits” of his sister, as she described it, Dalí only gave her Figura de perfi. The work has not been shown in public for a century, having been in the possession of the family of the current owner ever since Ana María gave it to them. The picture leads Bonhams Impressionist and Modern art sale on 2 March.

India Phillips, the head of department at Bonhams, describes the canvas as “laden with meaning and utterly enigmatic”. She adds: “What makes this work so remarkable is its sheer rarity—only a handful of works from this period exist outside public collections.”

What they do and how they do it: why museums matter

Barack Obama at the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, in 2014 (Photo: Pete Souza; courtesy of the White House)

Nicholas Thomas is the director of Cambridge’s Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, a scholar, curator, writer and a museum enthusiast. He likens museums to regions and nations in which all sorts of disparate elements are brought together, which in different ways express the past vividly embodied in the present. The thrust of his ruminations on the nature of collections is that, like collections of people, the sum is greater than the parts because of the dialogues, conversations, connections and interactions between inanimate objects (animated by both curators and public) as well as people. If this sounds twee, it is not, as his writing is spare, elegant and persuasive. And in small compass, the issues he raises are extraordinarily wide ranging. Above all, the thread that ties all his observations together are the extraordinary histories of actual objects that are continually discovered and rediscovered: for example, the only surviving bird’s egg collected by Darwin on his 1830s round-the-world voyage on the Beagle was identified in a Cambridge museum only seven years ago.

Current reasons, some defensive, for public collections of material culture are cited: social and economic advantages, the “creative industry”, as well as investment, new architecture, social cohesion, international diplomacy, scholarship, research and storytelling.   

But the author’s aim is to expand beyond the conventional and understandable explication of the multitudinous purposes and roles of museums in the 21st century, and to do so across the spectrum. He suggests that museums—whatever their collections (natural history, science, art, history), their size and however diverse—are in the same situation, balancing the needs of the collection and the public, staff and funding, the varied constituencies that make up both the museum and its place intellectually and geographically.

This is all in the context of what is really an explosion not only in the expansion of museums worldwide but in the creation of new museums. He cites a 2013 survey in the Economist: in the early 1990s there were perhaps some 23,000 museums world wide, and now there are about 55,000. Moreover, this number is increasing, for example with China embarking on a huge and immediate expansion of numbers.

Throughout, the primacy of the actual object is stressed, but the care of the object extends well beyond optimum physical conditions. Thomas is not a Luddite: digital publishing, for example, in terms of online catalogues disseminating information is an important ally of the physical museum.

Thomas is trenchantly critical of some assumptions about repatriation, and reminds us that what the West would consider valuable ethnographically is often associated with backwardness and superstition by the country of origin. At its worst, heritage that historians claim as of world importance is sometimes destroyed by hostile passions: for example, at this moment, the Taliban and the Islamic State (Isil). In many situations, iconoclasm reigns, as it has throughout world history. So museums embody historic survival. The modest museums in Kenya concerning the horrendous conflicts that marked the ending of British colonial rule are adduced as effective examples that commemorate and inform in a relatively benign manner.

His compelling argument is that museums can bring people together through objects whose “mute oration” may facilitate ways of accepting—and understanding —differences among cultures and peoples. They provide safe places to look at things in the company of strangers without confrontation. Visitors are enabled to look beyond themselves, to understand and accept difference. It is such curiosity that enables us to better understand who we and who others are. In its quiet, well-mannered way, Thomas’s essay is a passionate polemic, of profound interest to the visitor and the museum professional.

• Marina Vaizey is a freelance lecturer and writer. She was the art critic of the Financial Times and then the Sunday Times. She currently writes for theartsdesk.com

The Return of Curiosity: What Museums are Good for in the 21st Century
Nicholas Thomas
Reaktion Books, 144pp, £12.95 (pb)

US artist Amie Siegel takes a Freudian trip to South London

How Northern Europeans interpreted Japan

Art world romance is in the air... on Grope Mountain

Art world romance is in the air... on Grope MountainThe most romantic day of the year is almost here (yes, we're already thinking about 14 February) and, as ever, the art world has the big night covered. Adventure-seekers in London and Liverpool can reach new heights of pleasure at Grope Mountain—a climbable wall made with custom holds shaped like human orifices and appendages. The wall, created by the experimental design studio Bompas & Parr, first opened at New York's Museum of Sex in 2015 where many of the multi-coloured, larger-than-life anatomical holds were cast from real-life volunteers. The UK edition, to be held at Climbing Hangar venues in both cities, will feature a higher course and __more routes to mount. “Gripping and tugging yourselves up with our sensual holds is this year’s perfect date for those looking to show off their strength, stamina and flexibility,” says Harry Parr, partner of Bompas & Parr. Who said romance was dead?

Picasso’s final home in France sold to financier

Picasso’s final home in France sold to financierThe last house where Pablo Picasso lived, in Mougins, France, near Cannes, has been sold to the Bermuda- and London-based financier Rayo Withanage, for an undisclosed amount. The artist lived there with his second wife, Jacqueline Roque, and her daughter from her first marriage, Catherine Hutin-Blay, from 1961 until his death in 1973. The sale, first reported by the Wall Street Journal, was finalised in late 2016. The property was sold by the Dutch real estate investor Tom Moeskops and BMB Alliance, as part of the restructuring of the BMB Group.

The main house on the property— nicknamed the L’Antre du Minotaure (the Den of the Minotaur) by Moeskops—is an 18th-century building, recently renovated by the architect Axel Vervoordt. According to the real estate agency Michaël Zingraf, as quoted by the AFP, the only room in the house that is in the same state as the “Picasso period” is the studio, where there are still traces of paint stains. The property, next to the 16th-century chapel of Notre-Dame-de-Vie, includes 500-year-old olive groves and a particular species of roses, cultivated by Picasso, that only grow there, according to a release in Business Wire on behalf of the merchant bank and direct investment syndicate Scepter Partners, of which Withanage is a founder and the executive chairman.

The property “will be commissioned for charitable purposes by local foundations and the promotion of the arts through events from which proceeds shall be donated to causes supporting sustainable development initiatives headquartered in Monaco”, the press release says.

The house has a connection with another 20th-century “artist”: Winston Churchill, who frequently spent holiday summers and painted there when it was owned by the Guinness family.

 

St Isaac's Cathedral dispute triggers political row

St IsaacA government decision handing control of St Petersburg’s famous St Isaac’s Cathedral from museum officials to the Russian Orthodox Church has unleashed a storm of protest. The row came to a head on 24 January when a leading parliamentarian, who happens to be Leo Tolstoy’s great-great grandson, defended the decision in an anti-Semitic tirade in which he blamed Jews for destroying churches.
 
“Observing the protests over the handover of St Isaac’s, I cannot but note an amazing paradox,” Pyotr Tolstoy, a deputy chairman in the Russian parliament, said at a news conference in Moscow. “People who are the grandchildren and great-grandchildren of those who destroyed our temples after bursting out of the Pale of Settlement with revolver in hand in 1917, today their grandchildren and great-grandchildren, working in various very respectable places such as radio stations and legislative assemblies, are continuing the work of their grandfathers and great-grandfathers.”
 
The row over the handover, including questions of access to the cathedral and paying for its upkeep, came close to causing a brawl in St Petersburg’s legislative assembly. A public protest is planned for 28 January.
 
St Isaac’s is the world’s fourth largest cathedral. It was built in the 19th century by the French architect Auguste de Montferrand, and is famous for its marble and mosaics. Under the Soviets, it was turned first into an anti-religious museum, and then into a museum about the cathedral. Church services have been held in the cathedral since 1990, but the Russian Orthodox Church demanded full control.

Fears are growing that the Russian Orthodox Church may demand control of other cultural institutions, with a call for the buildings at Tauric Chersonese to be transferred to it. The ancient city is a Unesco World Heritage site in Crimea, which Russia annexed in 2014.

Giants of German culture including Thomas Demand to feature in Fondazione Prada’s Venice Biennale show

Giants of German culture including Thomas Demand to feature in Fondazione Prada’s Venice Biennale showThe Fondazione Prada will bring together three major figures from the German cultural scene—the photographer Thomas Demand, the stage and costume designer Anna Viebrock and the film-maker Alexander Kluge—for an exhibition in its Venetian venue, Ca’Corner della Regina. Udo Kittelmann, the director of the Nationalgalerie in Berlin, will organise the show, titled The Boat is Leaking, the Captain Lied (13 May-26 November), which coincides with the 57th Venice Biennale.

The exhibition will include photographs, installations and films on display across the three floors of the 18th-century palazzo, presenting “a dialogue of polyphonic references and constellations between the contributions of each artist”, the organisers say.

Kittelmann says in a statement that the collaboration between the three came about through a “shared awareness, both on an emotional and theoretical level, of the critical aspects of present times and the complexity of the world we live in”.

A permanent installation by Demand—a recreation of a rock chamber called Processo Grottesco (2015)—is on show at the Fondazione Prada in Milan. Kluge is a pioneer of New German Cinema while Viebrock has designed opera sets for the Salzburg Festival and the San Francisco Opera.   

What a vivid imagination: on Sergei Eisenstein's erotic work

What a vivid imagination: on Sergei EisensteinSergei Eisenstein was an auteur of film classics like October (1928) and Battleship Potemkin (1925) and a theoretician of cinema. He also designed sets for stage productions and drew those designs himself.

But his draftsmanship was not so limited. Alexander Gray gallery in New York is now showing his erotic pictures, ranging from scenes of murder taken from Shakespeare’s Macbeth, to biblical stories, to couplings of humans and plants. There is a bawdy wit in this work that goes beyond any humour found in his films. Out of 5,000 drawings by Eisenstein that survive, these are among the least known and the exhibition offers one surprise after another.

Admirers of Eisenstein’s films who might not have known the “secret drawings” may get a jolt from the explicit sex in these works that a private collector in France consigned to Alexander Gray gallery. They are just as likely to break down into laughter at scenes of sado-masochistic homosexuality, sex between humans and animals and between rabbits and alligators, and even circus acts in which penises perform.

Eisenstein was no Leonardo or Michelangelo, but he understood drama and how to entertain an audience. These works show that he knew comedy. The drawings that recall art deco and the continuous line of Alexander Calder have a whimsy and surprising warmth, given the subject matter, which suggest an acceptance of all sorts of sexual practices. (Eisenstein himself was a bisexual.)

Unlike much satire, this was not work conceived in anger. Even scenes of violence—like the buggering of a bishop with a church steeple—are cartoonish rather than sinister. That tone runs throughout the works on view.

One image that is not included in the show, but that is sure to be remembered when seen, is Cirque Etrange, drawn in Alma Ata (Kazakhstan) in 1942, in which a penis decorated with stars walks a tightrope strung between two nude boys with erections. A bourgeois family watches the scene from the circus floor. The elements are so wildly irreverent and so Modern that they could have been a model for Seth Rogin’s sexually charged satire film of last summer, Sausage Party.

He avoided direct references to politics in the drawings—a wise choice for a Soviet citizen under Stalin—and the works have been called acts of sublimation for a man confused about his sexuality. Yet they also point in an odd direction, toward Walt Disney, whom Eisenstein revered. These drawings may be his effort to transcend the confines of the human body, as Disney did with his animal characters.

Eisenstein’s characters are often shown experiencing a sexual pleasure that he associated with ekstasis, a physical and emotional joy that he cited in his writings. For that reason, some scholars resist calling the drawings erotic or pornographic, stressing that they give pleasure rather than serve sexual needs. Visitors to the show will not need to make that distinction to enjoy them.

Eisenstein (1898-1948) drew throughout his life, yet the sex drawings, as scholars call them, seem to have come to life during his stay in Mexico, beginning in 1930, where he worked on the unfinished film ¡Que viva México!, an epic about the history and culture of the country. Some drawings with Mexican fauna reflect where they were made.

Eisenstein was summoned back to Russia by Stalin in 1932 and the drawings were discovered and nearly confiscated by US Customs agents who searched his luggage when Eisenstein crossed from Mexico into the United States. His American patron, Upton Sinclair, was said to have been disgusted by the works.

In New York, Eisenstein gave some sex drawings to the dealer John Becker to sell, but took most of the sheets back to Russia.

Once in his homeland, where homosexuality was criminalized in 1934, Eisenstein married a close friend (at Stalin's orders, some historians believe), but the marriage was never consummated and the two lived separately.

Although the KGB, which monitored the lives of Soviet artists, was sure to have known of the drawings, the works were not objectionable enough to keep Eisenstein from being commissioned to make his film Ivan the Terrible. Once in Alma Ata, where it was shot, he made __more and equally obscene pictures, including parodies of Ivan's sexual proclivities. Some of those pictures on view at the Alexander Gray gallery.

The State Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg now holds a significant number of Eisenstein’s sex drawings, but has never exhibited them in Russia, where Orthodox Church figures routinely condemn homosexuality and anything that might be considered obscene. Another trove of the drawings is in the Russian State Archives of Literature and Art in Moscow.

David D’Arcy is a correspondent for The Art Newspaper

Sergei Eisenstein: Drawings 1931–1948, Alexander Gray Associates, New York, until 11 February

Art on film at Sundance, from Van Gogh’s landscapes to an orbiting VR vanitas

Art on film at Sundance, from Van Gogh’s landscapes to an orbiting VR vanitasArt is as much a part of the Sundance Film Festival (until 29 January) as an earnest political documentary or experiment in virtual reality would be. Sometimes, it’s the same thing.

At the annual event in Park City, Utah, art and installations have a special place in the section called New Frontier, where you can find works like Pleasant Places by Davide Quayola. On a large screen, we see a high-definition landscape near St Remy in Provence, where Vincent van Gogh painted some of the last works of his life.

An image from Pleasant Places by Quayola, from the New Frontier art programme at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image: by Quayola, courtesy of Sundance Institute)
Quayola’s images are digital and he manipulates them to replicate brushstrokes or to explore flashes of colour at the other end of the spectrum. As he puts it, these scenes ride “a very fine line between representation and abstraction, from an abstract computational composition to the real images themselves”. But the sound of wind blowing through the trees ensures that visitors don’t lose sight of where these images came from.

Full Turn by Benjamin Muzzin, from the New Frontier art programme at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image by Benjamin Muzzin, Courtesy of Sundance Institute)<br />
Full Turn by Benjamin Muzzin, from the New Frontier art programme at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image by Benjamin Muzzin, Courtesy of Sundance Institute)
Sometimes the art in New Frontier has __more to do with science than any traditional media. Such is the case with Full Turn by the Swiss artist Benjamin Muzzin, who stuck two flat-screen tablets together and put them on a machine that spins at high speed to create a hologram. “The rotation is fast enough to give you the illusion of a 3D image,” Muzzin says. “My idea was to get moving images from a screen, to put them into real life, and to give them some fake materiality.”

Virtual reality has been a fixture at Sundance for years. A medium in flux, it is a mass platform that still hasn’t rallied the masses. But VR has major investors, and engages plenty of artists while those investors figure out how to monetise it. At Sundance, some artists take a political turn, as in Melting Ice by Danfung Dennis, a VR walk with former VP Al Gore (an Inconvenient Sequel, 2017) through a disappearing glacier in Greenland.

A still from Zero Days VR by Yasmin Elayat, Elie Zananiri and Scatter, an official selection of the New Frontier VR section at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image: Courtesy of Sundance Institute)
Another political work is Zero Days VR, inspired by the documentary film Zero Days by Alex Gibney. It looks at the malware Stux, discovered in 2010, which escaped the control of American scientists. “The goal has always been, how do you tell a story where the lead character is code, how do we make you viscerally feel what cyber-warfare is like?” says Yasmin Elayat of the production team Scatter. Visitors wishing to sample the film’s follow-the-worm mission could do so in a cubicle that resembled an interrogation chamber in Guantanamo. Bulky headphones and VR headgear gave users the look of sense-deprived prisoners.

Nearby is a memento mori, by design. Orbital Vanitas, by the Australian artist Shaun Gladwell, views the Earth from space, where a skull-shaped spacecraft makes a graceful crossing. Gladwell, who represented Australia at the 2009 Venice Biennale, says the vessels design is “a critique of VR, because we actually have two of our head senses arrested. It’s almost as if you’re trapped in your skull”.

But there are also examples of the intimacy that VR can create, such as in Dear Angelica, written and directed by Saschka Unseld. The 15-minute animated work, drawn using the VR tool Quill by the New Yorker artist Wesley Allsbrook, is a daughter’s immersive journey into the memory of her mother. It sets a high bar for a medium that often veers into pyrotechnics, shock and sci-fi. Nothing so lyrical was on offer anywhere else at Sundance.

Cate Blanchett appears in Manifesto by Julian Rosefeldt, an official selection of the Premieres programme at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image: courtesy of Sundance Institute, photo by Barbara Schmidt)
Art-related films can also be found in the main festival. In Manifesto, Cate Blanchett performs the declarations of art movements over the last 150 years. While the film was shown as an installation on 13 screens in the Park Avenue Armory’s massive drill hall in New York this winter, a single-screen version premiered at Sundance. The linear version focuses on Blanchett’s range as a performer and on her face as a canvas for the transformative (albeit conventional) power of make-up and cinema.   

Returning to art and politics, the documentary film Water and Power: A California Heist, by Marina Zenovich (National Geographic), implicates the Los Angeles art collectors and museum benefactors Stewart and Lynda Resnick in an environmental scheme. The Wonderful Company, a multi-billion dollar agricultural firm created by Stewart Resnick, is alleged in the film to have seized huge quantities of water in drought-stricken California meant for public use, while many residents in the towns nearby lacked access to clean drinking water. Lynda Resnick is a longtime trustee at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
A still from Water & Power: A California Heist by Marina Zenovich, an official selection of the US Documentary Competition at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival (Image: courtesy of Sundance Institute, photo by Fresh Water Films/Bryan Harvey/Tim Gould)


Artist delves into Iran's tragic cinema blaze

Artist delves into Iran

A new show at the narrative projects gallery in Fitzrovia, London, lifts the lid on a pivotal moment in Iran’s history, drawing attention to a tragic fire at the Cinema Rex in Abadan, southern Iran on 19 August 1978 (The Unity of Time and Place; 27 January-11 March). The Iranian artist Mahmoud Bakhshi focuses on the blaze which claimed the lives of __more than 400 people. Bakhshi is promising an immersive installation using “historical events and archival footage to construct a story, with no claim of conducting an investigative enquiry”, a press statement says. The cinema catastrophe is thought to have sparked the Iranian Revolution of 1979 when the Shah was overthrown. Bakhshi has unearthed some significant nuggets linked to the atrocity; he has, for instance, interviewed Masoud Kimiai who directed The Deers (Gavaznha), the film that was showing when the arson attack took place. The interview will be screened in the exhibition, which also replicates the cinema interior with vintage furniture and carpets. 

A bridge to something better: on artist-run galleries in mid-century New York

A bridge to something better: on artist-run galleries in mid-century New YorkThe chief interest of Inventing Downtown: Artist-Run Galleries in New York City, 1952-65, an important exhibition at the Grey Art Gallery in New York, is anthropological. The 200 or so paintings, sculptures, photographs and documents by around 120 New York artists are largely unremarkable, even though some are handsome. For most exhibitions, this would be fatal, and for most of the works of art in this one it is. But this show is concerned with another kind of quality: the quality of a serious discussion, which, like a picture, can be experienced aesthetically, even if one is only learning about it after the fact. These conversations in New York art circles once took place and barely do any longer because the space—literally, affordable real estate—is no longer available.

The situation in New York in 1952 was far __more open. Not having much money was not prohibitive. The Tanager and Hansa galleries opened downtown that year and asked artists for between $10 and $21 a month for membership. Five years later, the brothers John and Nicholas Krushenick opened their own cooperative, Brata Gallery, which showed work by artists like the painter Al Held and the sculptor Ronald Bladen. Yayoi Kusama had a solo show there in 1959. Other galleries came in years to follow, with different models. The Delancy Street Museum, run by Red Grooms, was open for about eight months between 1959 and 1960 and served as both a private studio and a public gallery. It wasn't heated in the winter, but admission was free. Some artists focused on events. Yoko Ono's 112 Chambers Street space hosted poets, musicians and dancers.

What emerged in such an open environment was an eclectic attitude, or at least a democratic one. Seemingly everyone was welcome. The Reuben Gallery gave room to Allan Kaprow for his 18 Happenings in 6 Parts (1959) and geometric artists like Leo Valledor had space to show their work at the Park Place Group. Late Expressionists like Hale Woodruff and early Pop artists like Claes Oldenburg found like-minded peers. The Spiral Group was founded by a group of black artists who may otherwise not have had much chance to show their work. Japanese artists found much in common with Americans at the Brata Gallery.

The 14 galleries included in Inventing Downtown were laboratories with little market orientation, and therefore hosted many failures; the freedom to fail was essential. So it makes sense that many of these artists have been justly forgotten. Woodruff's painting Blue Intrusion (1958) is an nice relic of its moment, but is not important otherwise. Nor is Valledor's staid geometric construction titled Evidence (1964). Many of the artists we do remember—Kaprow, for example—avoided boring art by making it obsolete before it could become rote. The idea behind his Happenings was not only to skirt the market, but also to preserve only in memory the excitement of a moment.

Relatively few people ever attended his performances and what remains are documents, accounts and Kaprow's written ideas. Yet those documents and this exhibition prove that a proposal—like a painting or a hat or a window or physical exercise or a dream—can be experienced aesthetically. Ideas can be beautiful, and it was a beautiful idea for the Hall of Issues gallery at Judson Memorial Church to invite "anyone who has any statement to make about any social, political, or esthetic concern" to write a placard and tack it to the wall. Wednesdays at the gallery were set aside for discussion.

Hale Woodruff, Blue Intrusion (1958). (© Estate of Hale Woodruff/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY)
Hale Woodruff, Blue Intrusion (1958). (© Estate of Hale Woodruff/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY)
Importantly, this was not an experiment in art; it was an experiment in democracy led by artists (primarily Phyllis Yampolsky), to which not everyone was amenable. "One ploy in the ongoing destruction of democracy in politics is to pass democracy along to weak groups and activities that are irrelevant to the politicians." Donald Judd wrote this in 1983. He added: "Politics alone should be democratic. Art is intrinsically a matter of quality."

Judd is one of a handful of major artists to have emerged from the downtown scene. In 1963, he had his first solo show at the Green Gallery, which opened in 1960. Before it closed in 1965, it showed work by Mark di Suvero, George Segal, Oldenburg and Dan Flavin. It was the downtown scene's crowning achievement. Appropriately, an entire section of the exhibition is dedicated to it.

"Strictly speaking, the Green Gallery shouldn't be included because it's not an artist-run space," this show's curator, Melissa Rachleff, said in an interview published by the Grey Gallery. Nor was it downtown; the Green Gallery opened on 57th Street, where all the established dealers had shops. Yet the uptown location was a sign of real seriousness; this professionalism was the engine of the gallery's success. The other spaces profiled in Inventing Downtown were __more informal, less focused and tended to dissolve quickly. Of them, only Hansa lasted more than five years. The Green Gallery, on the other hand, had financial backing from the collector Robert Scull. (When he pulled out, the gallery closed.)

The Green Gallery's director, Richard Bellamy, had liberal taste; Di Suvero, Segal, Oldenburg and Judd have little in common. Yet it is true, as Rachleff argues, that the gallery program ultimately "resulted in the narrowing of aesthetic possibilities and the marginalization of many artists." Rachleff makes this into a lament and the closure of the Green Gallery is the end to her exhibition. But artistic success, like financial success (which the gallery also briefly had) is necessarily exclusionary. Good work survives and the rest fades away. Art is not, in the end, a democratic exercise, which is not to say it cannot thrive in a democratic society. But neither can it stand being too open to too many possibilities for too long.

The downtown gallery scene ended for many reasons. Rents started to rise, art became a vehicle for financial speculation and middle class taste expanded and began to accommodate contemporary art, which drove it above ground. But another real factor was the emergence, after a lull, of real movements with clear principles. The absence of such principle is what makes much of the work in Inventing Downtown weak. This is the nature of experimentation; it is not dedicated to anything because various roads are open.

Towards the end of the 1950s, those roads led in two major directions: Minimalism and Pop. It is likely neither would have been born without the feverish activity of the downtown artist-run galleries. The final success of this exhibition (and the accompanying catalogue, which is a feat of rigorous scholarship) is to chart this history between Abstract Expressionism and Minimalism and Pop. But the downtown scene, in the grand scheme of things, was essential only as a bridge to better work. This, too, is one of the lessons of Inventing Downtown: that few moments in the history of culture are important in their own right.

Inventing Downtown: Artist-Run Galleries in New York City, 1952-65, Grey Art Gallery at New York University, until 1 April